<a name="nn.simplelayers.dok"></a>
# Simple layers #
Simple Modules are used for various tasks like adapting Tensor methods and providing affine transformations :

  * Parameterized Modules :
    * [Linear](#nn.Linear) : a linear transformation ;
    * [SparseLinear](#nn.SparseLinear) : a linear transformation with sparse inputs ;
    * [Bilinear](#nn.Bilinear) : a bilinear transformation with sparse inputs ;
    * [PartialLinear](#nn.PartialLinear) : a linear transformation with sparse inputs with the option of only computing a subset ;
    * [Add](#nn.Add) : adds a bias term to the incoming data ;
    * [Mul](#nn.Mul) : multiply a single scalar factor to the incoming data ;
    * [CMul](#nn.CMul) : a component-wise multiplication to the incoming data ;
    * [Euclidean](#nn.Euclidean) : the euclidean distance of the input to `k` mean centers ;
    * [WeightedEuclidean](#nn.WeightedEuclidean) : similar to [Euclidean](#nn.Euclidean), but additionally learns a diagonal covariance matrix ;
    * [Cosine](#nn.Cosine) : the cosine similarity of the input to `k` mean centers ;
  * Modules that adapt basic Tensor methods :
    * [Copy](#nn.Copy) : a [copy](https://github.com/torch/torch7/blob/master/doc/tensor.md#torch.Tensor.copy) of the input with [type](https://github.com/torch/torch7/blob/master/doc/tensor.md#tensor-or-string-typetype) casting ;
    * [Narrow](#nn.Narrow) : a [narrow](https://github.com/torch/torch7/blob/master/doc/tensor.md#tensor-narrowdim-index-size) operation over a given dimension ;
    * [Replicate](#nn.Replicate) : [repeats](https://github.com/torch/torch7/blob/master/doc/tensor.md#tensor-repeattensorresult-sizes) input `n` times along its first dimension ;
    * [Reshape](#nn.Reshape) : a [reshape](https://github.com/torch/torch7/blob/master/doc/maths.md#res-torchreshaperes-x-m-n) of the inputs ;
    * [View](#nn.View) : a [view](https://github.com/torch/torch7/blob/master/doc/tensor.md#result-viewresult-tensor-sizes) of the inputs ;
    * [Contiguous](#nn.Contiguous) : [contiguous](https://github.com/torch/torch7/blob/master/doc/tensor.md#tensor-contiguous) of the inputs ;
    * [Select](#nn.Select) : a [select](https://github.com/torch/torch7/blob/master/doc/tensor.md#tensor-selectdim-index) over a given dimension ;
    * [Index](#nn.Index) : a [index](https://github.com/torch/torch7/blob/master/doc/tensor.md#tensor-indexdim-index) over a given dimension ;
    * [Squeeze](#nn.Squeeze) : [squeezes](https://github.com/torch/torch7/blob/master/doc/tensor.md#tensor-squeezedim) the input;
    * [Unsqueeze](#nn.Unsqueeze) : unsqueeze the input, i.e., insert singleton dimension;  
  * Modules that adapt mathematical Tensor methods :
    * [Max](#nn.Max) : a [max](https://github.com/torch/torch7/blob/master/doc/maths.md#torch.max) operation over a given dimension ;
    * [Min](#nn.Min) : a [min](https://github.com/torch/torch7/blob/master/doc/maths.md#torchminresval-resind-x) operation over a given dimension ;
    * [Mean](#nn.Mean) : a [mean](https://github.com/torch/torch7/blob/master/doc/maths.md#res-torchmeanres-x-dim) operation over a given dimension ;
    * [Sum](#nn.Sum) : a [sum](https://github.com/torch/torch7/blob/master/doc/maths.md#res-torchsumres-x) operation over a given dimension ;
    * [Exp](#nn.Exp) : an element-wise [exp](https://github.com/torch/torch7/blob/master/doc/maths.md#res-torchexpres-x) operation ;
    * [Abs](#nn.Abs) : an element-wise [abs](https://github.com/torch/torch7/blob/master/doc/maths.md#res-torchabsres-x) operation ;
    * [Power](#nn.Power) : an element-wise [pow](https://github.com/torch/torch7/blob/master/doc/maths.md#res-torchpowres-x) operation ;
    * [Square](#nn.Square) : an element-wise square operation ;
    * [Sqrt](#nn.Sqrt) : an element-wise [sqrt](https://github.com/torch/torch7/blob/master/doc/maths.md#res-torchsqrtres-x) operation ;
    * [Clamp](#nn.Clamp) : an element-wise [clamp](https://github.com/torch/torch7/blob/master/doc/maths.md#res-torchclampres-tensor1-min_value-max_value) operation ;
    * [Normalize](#nn.Normalize) : normalizes the input to have unit `L_p` norm ;
    * [MM](#nn.MM) : matrix-matrix multiplication (also supports batches of matrices) ;
  * Miscellaneous Modules :
    * [BatchNormalization](#nn.BatchNormalization) : mean/std normalization over the mini-batch inputs (with an optional affine transform) ;
    * [Identity](#nn.Identity) : forward input as-is to output (useful with [ParallelTable](table.md#nn.ParallelTable)) ;
    * [Dropout](#nn.Dropout) : masks parts of the `input` using binary samples from a [bernoulli](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_distribution) distribution ;
    * [SpatialDropout](#nn.SpatialDropout) : same as Dropout but for spatial inputs where adjacent pixels are strongly correlated ;
    * [VolumetricDropout](#nn.VolumetricDropout) : same as Dropout but for volumetric inputs where adjacent voxels are strongly correlated ;
    * [Padding](#nn.Padding) : adds padding to a dimension ;
    * [L1Penalty](#nn.L1Penalty) : adds an L1 penalty to an input (for sparsity) ;
    * [GradientReversal](#nn.GradientReversal) : reverses the gradient (to maximize an objective function) ;

<a name="nn.Linear"></a>
## Linear ##

```lua
module = nn.Linear(inputDimension, outputDimension, [bias = true])
```

Applies a linear transformation to the incoming data, i.e. `y = Ax + b`. The `input` tensor given in `forward(input)` must be either a vector (1D tensor) or matrix (2D tensor). If the input is a matrix, then each row is assumed to be an input sample of given batch. The layer can be used without bias by setting `bias = false`.

You can create a layer in the following way:

```lua
 module = nn.Linear(10, 5)  -- 10 inputs, 5 outputs
```

Usually this would be added to a network of some kind, e.g.:

```lua
 mlp = nn.Sequential()
 mlp:add(module)
```

The weights and biases (_A_ and _b_) can be viewed with:

```lua
 print(module.weight)
 print(module.bias)
```

The gradients for these weights can be seen with:

```lua
 print(module.gradWeight)
 print(module.gradBias)
```

As usual with `nn` modules, applying the linear transformation is performed with:

```lua
x = torch.Tensor(10) -- 10 inputs
y = module:forward(x)
```

<a name="nn.SparseLinear"></a>
## SparseLinear ##

```lua
module = nn.SparseLinear(inputDimension, outputDimension)
```

Applies a linear transformation to the incoming sparse data, i.e. `y = Ax + b`. The `input` tensor given in `forward(input)` must be a sparse vector represented as 2D tensor of the form torch.Tensor(N, 2) where the pairs represent indices and values.
The SparseLinear layer is useful when the number of input dimensions is very large and the input data is sparse.

You can create a sparse linear layer in the following way:

```lua
module = nn.SparseLinear(10000, 2)  -- 10000 inputs, 2 outputs
```

The sparse linear module may be used as part of a larger network, and apart from the form of the input, [SparseLinear](#nn.SparseLinear) operates in exactly the same way as the [Linear](#nn.Linear) layer.

A sparse input vector may be created as so...

```lua
x = torch.Tensor({ {1, 0.1}, {2, 0.3}, {10, 0.3}, {31, 0.2} })

 print(x)

  1.0000   0.1000
  2.0000   0.3000
 10.0000   0.3000
 31.0000   0.2000
[torch.Tensor of dimension 4x2]
```

The first column contains indices, the second column contains values in a a vector where all other elements are zeros. The indices should not exceed the stated dimensions of the input to the layer (10000 in the example).

<a name="nn.Bilinear"></a>
## Bilinear ##

```lua
module = nn.Bilinear(inputDimension1, inputDimension2, outputDimension, [bias = true])
```

Applies a bilinear transformation to the incoming data, i.e. `\forall k: y_k = x_1 A_k x_2 + b`. The `input` tensor given in `forward(input)` is a table containing both inputs `x_1` and `x_2`, which are tensors of size `N x inputDimension1`
and `N x inputDimension1`, respectively. The layer can be trained without biases by setting `bias = false`.

You can create a layer in the following way:

```lua
 module = nn.Bilinear(10, 5, 3)  -- 10 and 5 inputs, 3 outputs
```

Input data for this layer would look as follows:
```lua
 input = {torch.randn(128, 10), torch.randn(128, 5)}  -- 128 input examples
 module:forward(input)
```

<a name="nn.PartialLinear"></a>
## PartialLinear ##

```lua
module = nn.PartialLinear(inputSize, outputSize, [bias = true])
```

PartialLinear is a Linear layer that allows the user to a set a collection of
column indices. When the column indices are set, the layer will behave like a
Linear layer that only has those columns. Meanwhile, all parameters are
preserved, so resetting the PartialLinear layer will result in a module that
behaves just like a regular Linear layer.

This module is useful, for instance, when you want to do forward-backward on
only a subset of a Linear layer during training but use the full Linear layer
at test time.

You can create a layer in the following way:

```lua
 module = nn.PartialLinear(5, 3)  -- 5 inputs, 3 outputs
```

Input data for this layer would look as follows:
```lua
 input = torch.randn(128, 5)  -- 128 input examples
 module:forward(input)
```

One can set the partition of indices to compute using the function `setPartition(indices)` where `indices` is a tensor containing the indices to compute.
```lua
module = nn.PartialLinear(5, 3)  -- 5 inputs, 3 outputs
module:setPartition(torch.Tensor({2,4})) -- only compute the 2nd and 4th indices out of a total of 5 indices
```

One can reset the partition via the `resetPartition()` function that resets the partition to compute all indices, making it's behaviour equivalent to `nn.Linear`

<a name="nn.Dropout"></a>
## Dropout ##

```lua
module = nn.Dropout(p)
```

During training, `Dropout` masks parts of the `input` using binary samples from a [bernoulli](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_distribution) distribution.
Each `input` element has a probability of `p` of being dropped, i.e having its commensurate output element be zero. This has proven an effective technique for regularization and preventing the co-adaptation of neurons (see [Hinton et al. 2012](http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.0580)).

Furthermore, the outputs are scaled by a factor of `1/(1-p)` during training. This allows the `input` to be simply forwarded as-is during evaluation.

In this example, we demonstrate how the call to [forward](module.md#output-forwardinput) samples different `outputs` to dropout (the zeros) given the same `input`:

```lua
module = nn.Dropout()

> x = torch.Tensor{{1, 2, 3, 4}, {5, 6, 7, 8}}

> module:forward(x)
  2   0   0   8
 10   0  14   0
[torch.DoubleTensor of dimension 2x4]

> module:forward(x)
  0   0   6   0
 10   0   0   0
[torch.DoubleTensor of dimension 2x4]
```

[Backward](module.md#gradinput-backwardinput-gradoutput) drops out the gradients at the same location:

```lua
> module:forward(x)
  0   4   0   0
 10  12   0  16
[torch.DoubleTensor of dimension 2x4]

> module:backward(x, x:clone():fill(1))
 0  2  0  0
 2  2  0  2
[torch.DoubleTensor of dimension 2x4]
```

In both cases the `gradOutput` and `input` are scaled by `1/(1-p)`, which in this case is `2`.

During [evaluation](module.md#evaluate), `Dropout` does nothing more than forward the input such that all elements of the input are considered.

```lua
> module:evaluate()

> module:forward(x)
 1  2  3  4
 5  6  7  8
[torch.DoubleTensor of dimension 2x4]
```

We can return to training our model by first calling [Module:training()](module.md#training):

```lua
> module:training()

> return module:forward(x)
  2   4   6   0
  0   0   0  16
[torch.DoubleTensor of dimension 2x4]
```

When used, `Dropout` should normally be applied to the input of parameterized [Modules](module.md#nn.Module) like [Linear](#nn.Linear) or [SpatialConvolution](convolution.md#nn.SpatialConvolution). A `p` of `0.5` (the default) is usually okay for hidden layers. `Dropout` can sometimes be used successfully on the dataset inputs with a `p` around `0.2`. It sometimes works best following [Transfer](transfer.md) Modules like [ReLU](transfer.md#nn.ReLU). All this depends a great deal on the dataset so its up to the user to try different combinations.

<a name="nn.SpatialDropout"></a>
## SpatialDropout ##

`module` = `nn.SpatialDropout(p)`

This version performs the same function as ```nn.Dropout```, however it assumes the 2 right-most dimensions of the input are spatial, performs one Bernoulli trial per output feature when training, and extends this dropout value across the entire feature map.

As described in the paper "Efficient Object Localization Using Convolutional Networks" (http://arxiv.org/abs/1411.4280), if adjacent pixels within feature maps are strongly correlated (as is normally the case in early convolution layers) then iid dropout will not regularize the activations and will otherwise just result in an effective learning rate decrease.  In this case, ```nn.SpatialDropout``` will help promote independence between feature maps and should be used instead.

```nn.SpatialDropout``` accepts 3D or 4D inputs.  If the input is 3D than a layout of (features x height x width) is assumed and for 4D (batch x features x height x width) is assumed.

<a name="nn.VolumetricDropout"></a>
## VolumetricDropout ##

`module` = `nn.VolumetricDropout(p)`

This version performs the same function as ```nn.Dropout```, however it assumes the 3 right-most dimensions of the input are spatial, performs one Bernoulli trial per output feature when training, and extends this dropout value across the entire feature map.

As described in the paper "Efficient Object Localization Using Convolutional Networks" (http://arxiv.org/abs/1411.4280), if adjacent voxels within feature maps are strongly correlated (as is normally the case in early convolution layers) then iid dropout will not regularize the activations and will otherwise just result in an effective learning rate decrease.  In this case, ```nn.VolumetricDropout``` will help promote independence between feature maps and should be used instead.

```nn.VolumetricDropout``` accepts 4D or 5D inputs.  If the input is 4D than a layout of (features x time x height x width) is assumed and for 5D (batch x features x time x height x width) is assumed.

<a name="nn.Abs"></a>
## Abs ##

```lua
module = Abs()
```

```lua
m = nn.Abs()
ii = torch.linspace(-5, 5)
oo = m:forward(ii)
go = torch.ones(100)
gi = m:backward(ii, go)
gnuplot.plot({'f(x)', ii, oo, '+-'}, {'df/dx', ii, gi, '+-'})
gnuplot.grid(true)
```

![](image/abs.png)


<a name='nn.Add'></a>
## Add ##

```lua
module = nn.Add(inputDimension, scalar)
```

Applies a bias term to the incoming data, i.e. `yi = x_i + b_i`,  or if `scalar = true` then uses a single bias term, `yi = x_i + b`.

Example:

```lua
y = torch.Tensor(5)
mlp = nn.Sequential()
mlp:add(nn.Add(5))

function gradUpdate(mlp, x, y, criterion, learningRate)
   local pred = mlp:forward(x)
   local err = criterion:forward(pred, y)
   local gradCriterion = criterion:backward(pred, y)
   mlp:zeroGradParameters()
   mlp:backward(x, gradCriterion)
   mlp:updateParameters(learningRate)
   return err
end

for i = 1, 10000 do
   x = torch.rand(5)
   y:copy(x);
   for i = 1, 5 do y[i] = y[i] + i; end
   err = gradUpdate(mlp, x, y, nn.MSECriterion(), 0.01)
end

print(mlp:get(1).bias)
```

gives the output:

```lua
 1.0000
 2.0000
 3.0000
 4.0000
 5.0000
[torch.Tensor of dimension 5]
```

i.e. the network successfully learns the input `x` has been shifted to produce the output `y`.


<a name="nn.Mul"></a>
## Mul ##

```lua
module = nn.Mul()
```

Applies a _single_ scaling factor to the incoming data, i.e. `y = w x`, where `w` is a scalar.

Example:

```lua
y = torch.Tensor(5)
mlp = nn.Sequential()
mlp:add(nn.Mul())

function gradUpdate(mlp, x, y, criterion, learningRate)
   local pred = mlp:forward(x)
   local err = criterion:forward(pred, y)
   local gradCriterion = criterion:backward(pred, y)
   mlp:zeroGradParameters()
   mlp:backward(x, gradCriterion)
   mlp:updateParameters(learningRate)
   return err
end

for i = 1, 10000 do
   x = torch.rand(5)
   y:copy(x)
   y:mul(math.pi)
   err = gradUpdate(mlp, x, y, nn.MSECriterion(), 0.01)
end

print(mlp:get(1).weight)
```

gives the output:

```lua
 3.1416
[torch.Tensor of dimension 1]
```

i.e. the network successfully learns the input `x` has been scaled by pi.

<a name='nn.CMul'></a>
## CMul ##

```lua
module = nn.CMul(size)
```

Applies a component-wise multiplication to the incoming data, i.e. `y_i = w_i * x_i`. Argument `size` can be one or many numbers (sizes) or a `torch.LongStorage`. For example, `nn.CMul(3,4,5)` is equivalent to `nn.CMul(torch.LongStorage{3,4,5})`.

Example:

```lua
mlp = nn.Sequential()
mlp:add(nn.CMul(5))

y = torch.Tensor(5)
sc = torch.Tensor(5)
for i = 1, 5 do sc[i] = i; end -- scale input with this

function gradUpdate(mlp, x, y, criterion, learningRate)
   local pred = mlp:forward(x)
   local err = criterion:forward(pred, y)
   local gradCriterion = criterion:backward(pred, y)
   mlp:zeroGradParameters()
   mlp:backward(x, gradCriterion)
   mlp:updateParameters(learningRate)
   return err
end

for i = 1, 10000 do
   x = torch.rand(5)
   y:copy(x)
   y:cmul(sc)
   err = gradUpdate(mlp, x, y, nn.MSECriterion(), 0.01)
end

print(mlp:get(1).weight)
```

gives the output:

```lua
 1.0000
 2.0000
 3.0000
 4.0000
 5.0000
[torch.Tensor of dimension 5]
```

i.e. the network successfully learns the input `x` has been scaled by those scaling factors to produce the output `y`.


<a name="nn.Max"></a>
## Max ##

```lua
module = nn.Max(dimension, nInputDim)
```

Applies a max operation over dimension `dimension`.
Hence, if an `nxpxq` Tensor was given as input, and `dimension` = `2` then an `nxq` matrix would be output.
When `nInputDim` is provided, inputs larger than that value will be considered batches where the actual `dimension` to apply the max operation will be dimension `dimension + 1`.

<a name="nn.Min"></a>
## Min ##

```lua
module = nn.Min(dimension, nInputDim)
```

Applies a min operation over dimension `dimension`.
Hence, if an `nxpxq` Tensor was given as input, and `dimension` = `2` then an `nxq` matrix would be output.
When `nInputDim` is provided, inputs larger than that value will be considered batches where the actual `dimension` to apply the min operation will be dimension `dimension + 1`.

<a name="nn.Mean"></a>
## Mean ##

```lua
module = nn.Mean(dimension, nInputDim)
```

Applies a mean operation over dimension `dimension`.
Hence, if an `nxpxq` Tensor was given as input, and `dimension` = `2` then an `nxq` matrix would be output.
When `nInputDim` is provided , inputs larger than that value will be considered batches where the actual `dimension` to apply the sum operation will be dimension `dimension + 1`.
This module is based on [nn.Sum](#nn.Sum).

<a name="nn.Sum"></a>
## Sum ##

```lua
module = nn.Sum(dimension, nInputDim, sizeAverage)
```

Applies a sum operation over dimension `dimension`.
Hence, if an `nxpxq` Tensor was given as input, and `dimension` = `2` then an `nxq` matrix would be output.
When `nInputDim` is provided , inputs larger than that value will be considered batches where the actual `dimension` to apply the sum operation will be dimension `dimension + 1`.
Negative indexing is allowed by providing a negative value to `nInputDim`.
When `sizeAverage` is provided, the sum is divided by the size of the input in this `dimension`. This is equivalent to the mean operation performed by the [nn.Mean](#nn.Mean) module.

<a name="nn.Euclidean"></a>
## Euclidean ##

```lua
module = nn.Euclidean(inputSize,outputSize)
```

Outputs the Euclidean distance of the input to `outputSize` centers, i.e. this layer has the weights `w_j`,  for `j` = `1`,..,`outputSize`, where `w_j` are vectors of dimension `inputSize`.

The distance `y_j` between center `j` and input `x` is formulated as `y_j = || w_j - x ||`.

<a name="nn.WeightedEuclidean"></a>
## WeightedEuclidean ##

```lua
module = nn.WeightedEuclidean(inputSize,outputSize)
```

This module is similar to [Euclidean](#nn.Euclidean), but additionally learns a separate diagonal covariance matrix across the features of the input space _for each center_.

In other words, for each of the `outputSize` centers `w_j`, there is a diagonal covariance matrices `c_j`, for `j` = `1`,..,`outputSize`, where `c_j` are stored as vectors of size `inputSize`.

The distance `y_j` between center `j` and input `x` is formulated as `y_j = || c_j * (w_j - x) ||`.

<a name="nn.Cosine"></a>
## Cosine ##

```lua
module = nn.Cosine(inputSize,outputSize)
```

Outputs the [cosine similarity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosine_similarity) of the input to `outputSize` centers, i.e. this layer has the weights `w_j`,  for `j` = `1`,..,`outputSize`, where `w_j` are vectors of dimension `inputSize`.

The distance `y_j` between center `j` and input `x` is formulated as `y_j = (x · w_j) / ( || w_j || * || x || )`.


<a name="nn.Identity"></a>
## Identity ##

```lua
module = nn.Identity()
```


Creates a module that returns whatever is input to it as output.
This is useful when combined with the module [ParallelTable](table.md#nn.ParallelTable) in case you do not wish to do anything to one of the input Tensors.

Example:

```lua
mlp = nn.Identity()
print(mlp:forward(torch.ones(5, 2)))
```

gives the output:

```lua
 1  1
 1  1
 1  1
 1  1
 1  1
[torch.Tensor of dimension 5x2]
```

Here is a more useful example, where one can implement a network which also computes a Criterion using this module:

```lua
pred_mlp = nn.Sequential()  -- A network that makes predictions given x.
pred_mlp:add(nn.Linear(5, 4))
pred_mlp:add(nn.Linear(4, 3))

xy_mlp = nn.ParallelTable() -- A network for predictions and for keeping the
xy_mlp:add(pred_mlp)        -- true label for comparison with a criterion
xy_mlp:add(nn.Identity())   -- by forwarding both x and y through the network.

mlp = nn.Sequential()       -- The main network that takes both x and y.
mlp:add(xy_mlp)             -- It feeds x and y to parallel networks;
cr = nn.MSECriterion()
cr_wrap = nn.CriterionTable(cr)
mlp:add(cr_wrap)            -- and then applies the criterion.

for i = 1, 100 do           -- Do a few training iterations
   x = torch.ones(5)        -- Make input features.
   y = torch.Tensor(3)
   y:copy(x:narrow(1,1,3))  -- Make output label.
   err = mlp:forward{x,y}   -- Forward both input and output.
   print(err)               -- Print error from criterion.

   mlp:zeroGradParameters() -- Do backprop...
   mlp:backward({x, y})
   mlp:updateParameters(0.05)
end
```

<a name="nn.Copy"></a>
## Copy ##

```lua
module = nn.Copy(inputType, outputType, [forceCopy, dontCast])
```

This layer copies the input to output with type casting from `inputType` to `outputType`. Unless `forceCopy` is true, when the first two arguments are the same, the input isn't copied, only transfered as the output. The default `forceCopy` is false.
When `dontCast` is true, a call to `nn.Copy:type(type)` will not cast the module's `output` and `gradInput` Tensors to the new type. The default is false.

<a name="nn.Narrow"></a>
## Narrow ##

```lua
module = nn.Narrow(dimension, offset, length)
```

Narrow is application of [narrow](https://github.com/torch/torch7/blob/master/doc/tensor.md#tensor-narrowdim-index-size) operation in a module.

<a name="nn.Replicate"></a>
## Replicate ##

```lua
module = nn.Replicate(nFeature [, dim, ndim])
```

This class creates an output where the input is replicated `nFeature` times along dimension `dim` (default 1).
There is no memory allocation or memory copy in this module.
It sets the [stride](https://github.com/torch/torch7/blob/master/doc/tensor.md#torch.Tensor.stride) along the `dim`th dimension to zero.
When provided, `ndim` should specify the number of non-batch dimensions.
This allows the module to replicate the same non-batch dimension `dim` for both batch and non-batch `inputs`.

```lua
> x = torch.linspace(1, 5, 5)
 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
[torch.DoubleTensor of dimension 5]

> m = nn.Replicate(3)
> o = m:forward(x)
 1  2  3  4  5
 1  2  3  4  5
 1  2  3  4  5
[torch.DoubleTensor of dimension 3x5]

> x:fill(13)
 13
 13
 13
 13
 13
[torch.DoubleTensor of dimension 5]

> print(o)
 13  13  13  13  13
 13  13  13  13  13
 13  13  13  13  13
[torch.DoubleTensor of dimension 3x5]
```


<a name="nn.Reshape"></a>
## Reshape ##

```lua
module = nn.Reshape(dimension1, dimension2, ... [, batchMode])
```


Reshapes an `nxpxqx..`  Tensor into a `dimension1xdimension2x...` Tensor, taking the elements row-wise.

The optional last argument `batchMode`, when `true` forces the first dimension of the input to be considered the batch dimension, and thus keep its size fixed. This is necessary when dealing with batch sizes of one. When `false`, it forces the entire input (including the first dimension) to be reshaped to the input size. Default `batchMode=nil`, which means that the module considers inputs with more elements than the produce of provided sizes, i.e. `dimension1xdimension2x...`, to be batches.

Example:

```lua
> x = torch.Tensor(4,4)
> for i = 1, 4 do
>    for j = 1, 4 do
>       x[i][j] = (i-1)*4+j
>    end
> end
> print(x)

  1   2   3   4
  5   6   7   8
  9  10  11  12
 13  14  15  16
[torch.Tensor of dimension 4x4]

> print(nn.Reshape(2,8):forward(x))

  1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8
  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16
[torch.Tensor of dimension 2x8]

> print(nn.Reshape(8,2):forward(x))

  1   2
  3   4
  5   6
  7   8
  9  10
 11  12
 13  14
 15  16
[torch.Tensor of dimension 8x2]

> print(nn.Reshape(16):forward(x))

  1
  2
  3
  4
  5
  6
  7
  8
  9
 10
 11
 12
 13
 14
 15
 16
[torch.Tensor of dimension 16]

> y = torch.Tensor(1, 4):fill(0)
> print(y)

 0  0  0  0
 [torch.DoubleTensor of dimension 1x4]

> print(nn.Reshape(4):forward(y))

 0  0  0  0
 [torch.DoubleTensor of dimension 1x4]

> print(nn.Reshape(4, false):forward(y))

 0
 0
 0
 0
 [torch.DoubleTensor of dimension 4]

```

<a name="nn.View"></a>
## View ##

```lua
module = nn.View(sizes)
```

This module creates a new view of the input tensor using the `sizes` passed to the constructor. The parameter `sizes` can either be a `LongStorage` or numbers.
The method `setNumInputDims()` allows to specify the expected number of dimensions of the inputs of the modules. This makes it possible to use minibatch inputs when using a size `-1` for one of the dimensions.
The method `resetSize(sizes)` allows to reset the view size of the module after initialization.

Example 1:

```lua
> x = torch.Tensor(4, 4)
> for i = 1, 4 do
>    for j = 1, 4 do
>       x[i][j] = (i-1)*4+j
>    end
> end
> print(x)

  1   2   3   4
  5   6   7   8
  9  10  11  12
 13  14  15  16
[torch.Tensor of dimension 4x4]

> print(nn.View(2, 8):forward(x))

  1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8
  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16
[torch.DoubleTensor of dimension 2x8]

> print(nn.View(torch.LongStorage{8,2}):forward(x))

  1   2
  3   4
  5   6
  7   8
  9  10
 11  12
 13  14
 15  16
[torch.DoubleTensor of dimension 8x2]

> print(nn.View(16):forward(x))

  1
  2
  3
  4
  5
  6
  7
  8
  9
 10
 11
 12
 13
 14
 15
 16
[torch.DoubleTensor of dimension 16]
```

Example 2:
```lua
> input = torch.Tensor(2, 3)
> minibatch = torch.Tensor(5, 2, 3)
> m = nn.View(-1):setNumInputDims(2)
> print(#m:forward(input))

 6
[torch.LongStorage of size 1]

> print(#m:forward(minibatch))

 5
 6
[torch.LongStorage of size 2]
```

<a name="nn.Contiguous"></a>
## Contiguous ##

Is used to make `input`, `gradOutput` or both contiguous, corresponds to
`torch.contiguous` function. Only does copy and allocation if `input` or
`gradOutput` is not contiguous, otherwise passes the same tensor.

<a name="nn.Select"></a>
## Select ##

```lua
module = nn.Select(dim, index)
```

Selects a dimension and index of a  `nxpxqx..`  Tensor.

Example:

```lua
mlp = nn.Sequential()
mlp:add(nn.Select(1, 3))

x = torch.randn(10, 5)
print(x)
print(mlp:forward(x))
```

gives the output:

```lua
 0.9720 -0.0836  0.0831 -0.2059 -0.0871
 0.8750 -2.0432 -0.1295 -2.3932  0.8168
 0.0369  1.1633  0.6483  1.2862  0.6596
 0.1667 -0.5704 -0.7303  0.3697 -2.2941
 0.4794  2.0636  0.3502  0.3560 -0.5500
-0.1898 -1.1547  0.1145 -1.1399  0.1711
-1.5130  1.4445  0.2356 -0.5393 -0.6222
-0.6587  0.4314  1.1916 -1.4509  1.9400
 0.2733  1.0911  0.7667  0.4002  0.1646
 0.5804 -0.5333  1.1621  1.5683 -0.1978
[torch.Tensor of dimension 10x5]

 0.0369
 1.1633
 0.6483
 1.2862
 0.6596
[torch.Tensor of dimension 5]
```

This can be used in conjunction with [Concat](containers.md#nn.Concat) to emulate the behavior of [Parallel](containers.md#nn.Parallel), or to select various parts of an input Tensor to perform operations on. Here is a fairly complicated example:

```lua
mlp = nn.Sequential()
c = nn.Concat(2)
for i = 1, 10 do
   local t = nn.Sequential()
   t:add(nn.Select(1, i))
   t:add(nn.Linear(3, 2))
   t:add(nn.Reshape(2, 1))
   c:add(t)
end
mlp:add(c)

pred = mlp:forward(torch.randn(10, 3))
print(pred)

for i = 1, 10000 do     -- Train for a few iterations
   x = torch.randn(10, 3)
   y = torch.ones(2, 10)
   pred = mlp:forward(x)

   criterion = nn.MSECriterion()
   err = criterion:forward(pred, y)
   gradCriterion = criterion:backward(pred, y)
   mlp:zeroGradParameters()
   mlp:backward(x, gradCriterion)
   mlp:updateParameters(0.01)
   print(err)
end
```

<a name="nn.Index"></a>
## Index ##

```lua
module = nn.Index(dim)
```

Applies the Tensor [index](https://github.com/torch/torch7/blob/master/doc/tensor.md#tensor-indexdim-index) operation along the given dimension. So

```lua
nn.Index(dim):forward{t,i}
```
gives the same output as
```lua
t:index(dim, i)
```

<a name="nn.Squeeze"></a>
## Squeeze ##

```lua
module = nn.Squeeze([dim, numInputDims])
```
Applies the Tensor [squeeze](https://github.com/torch/torch7/blob/master/doc/tensor.md#tensor-squeezedim) operation. So

```lua
nn.Squeeze():forward(t)
```
gives the same output as
```lua
t:squeeze()
```
Setting `numInputDims` allows to use this module on batches.

<a name="nn.Unsqueeze"></a>
## Unsqueeze ##

```lua
module = nn.Unsqueeze(pos [, numInputDims])
```
Insert singleton dim (i.e., dimension 1) at position `pos`. 
For an `input` with `dim = input:dim()`, there are `dim + 1` possible positions to insert the singleton dimension.
For example, if `input` is `3` dimensional tensor in size `p x q x r`, then the singleton dim can be inserted at the following `4` positions
```
pos = 1: 1 x p x q x r
pos = 2: p x 1 x q x r
pos = 3: p x q x 1 x r
pos = 4: p x q x r x 1
```

Example:
```lua
input = torch.Tensor(2, 4, 3) -- input: 2 x 4 x 3

-- insert at head
m = nn.Unsqueeze(1)
m:forward(input) -- output: 1 x 2 x 4 x 3

-- insert at tail
m = nn.Unsqueeze(4)
m:forward(input) -- output: 2 x 4 x 3 x 1

-- insert in between
m = nn.Unsqueeze(2)
m:forward(input) -- output: 2 x 1 x 4 x 3

-- the input size can vary across calls
input2 = torch.Tensor(3, 5, 7) -- input2: 3 x 5 x 7
m:forward(input2) -- output: 3 x 1 x 5 x 7
```

Indicate the expected input feature map dimension by specifying `numInputDims`. 
This allows the module to work with mini-batch. Example:
```lua
b = 5 -- batch size 5
input = torch.tensor(b, 2, 4, 3) -- input: b x 2 x 4 x 3
numInputDims = 3 -- input feature map should be the last 3 dims

m = nn.Unsqueeze(4)
m:forward(input) -- output: b x 2 x 4 x 3 x 1

m = nn.Unsqueeze(2)
m:forward(input) -- output: b x 2 x 1 x 4 x 3
```

<a name="nn.Exp"></a>
## Exp ##

```lua
module = nn.Exp()
```

Applies the `exp` function element-wise to the input Tensor, thus outputting a Tensor of the same dimension.

```lua
ii = torch.linspace(-2, 2)
m = nn.Exp()
oo = m:forward(ii)
go = torch.ones(100)
gi = m:backward(ii,go)
gnuplot.plot({'f(x)', ii, oo, '+-'}, {'df/dx', ii, gi, '+-'})
gnuplot.grid(true)
```

![](image/exp.png)


<a name="nn.Square"></a>
## Square ##

```lua
module = nn.Square()
```

Takes the square of each element.

```lua
ii = torch.linspace(-5, 5)
m = nn.Square()
oo = m:forward(ii)
go = torch.ones(100)
gi = m:backward(ii, go)
gnuplot.plot({'f(x)', ii, oo, '+-'}, {'df/dx', ii, gi, '+-'})
gnuplot.grid(true)
```

![](image/square.png)


<a name="nn.Sqrt"></a>
## Sqrt ##

```lua
module = nn.Sqrt()
```

Takes the square root of each element.

```lua
ii = torch.linspace(0, 5)
m = nn.Sqrt()
oo = m:forward(ii)
go = torch.ones(100)
gi = m:backward(ii, go)
gnuplot.plot({'f(x)', ii, oo, '+-'}, {'df/dx', ii, gi, '+-'})
gnuplot.grid(true)
```

![](image/sqrt.png)


<a name="nn.Power"></a>
## Power ##

```lua
module = nn.Power(p)
```

Raises each element to its `p`-th power.

```lua
ii = torch.linspace(0, 2)
m = nn.Power(1.25)
oo = m:forward(ii)
go = torch.ones(100)
gi = m:backward(ii, go)
gnuplot.plot({'f(x)', ii, oo, '+-'}, {'df/dx', ii, gi, '+-'})
gnuplot.grid(true)
```

![](image/power.png)

<a name="nn.Clamp"></a>
## Clamp ##

```lua
module = nn.Clamp(min_value, max_value)
```

Clamps all elements into the range `[min_value, max_value]`.
Output is identical to input in the range, otherwise elements less than `min_value` (or greater than `max_value`) are saturated to `min_value` (or `max_value`).

```lua
A = torch.randn(2, 5)
m = nn.Clamp(-0.1, 0.5)
B = m:forward(A)

print(A)  -- input
-1.1321  0.0227 -0.4672  0.6519 -0.5380
 0.9061 -1.0858  0.3697 -0.8120 -1.6759
[torch.DoubleTensor of size 3x5]

print(B)  -- output
-0.1000  0.0227 -0.1000  0.5000 -0.1000
 0.5000 -0.1000  0.3697 -0.1000 -0.1000
[torch.DoubleTensor of size 3x5]
```

<a name="nn.Normalize"></a>
## Normalize ##

```lua
module = nn.Normalize(p, [eps])
```
Normalizes the input Tensor to have unit `L_p` norm. The smoothing parameter `eps` prevents division by zero when the input contains all zero elements (default = `1e-10`).

Input can be 1D or 2D (in which case it's considered as in batch mode)

```lua
A = torch.randn(3, 5)
m = nn.Normalize(2)
B = m:forward(A) -- B is also 3 x 5
-- take the L2 norm over the second axis:
print(torch.norm(B, 2, 2)) -- norms is [1, 1, 1]
```

`Normalize` has a specialized implementation for the `inf` norm, which corresponds to the maximum norm.
```lua
A = torch.randn(3,5)
m = nn.Normalize(math.huge) -- uses maximum/inf norm
B = m:forward(A)
maxA = torch.abs(A):max(2)
print(A,B,maxA)
```

<a name="nn.MM"></a>
## MM ##

```lua
module = nn.MM(transA, transB)
```

Performs multiplications on one or more pairs of matrices. If `transA` is set to true, the first matrix is transposed before multiplication. If `transB` is set to true, the second matrix is transposed before multiplication. By default, the matrices do not get transposed.

The module also accepts 3D inputs which are interpreted as batches of matrices. When using batches, the first input matrix should be of size `b x m x n` and the second input matrix should be of size `b x n x p` (assuming `transA` and `transB` are not set). If `transA` or `transB` is set, transpose takes place between the second and the third dimensions for the corresponding matrix.

```lua
model = nn.MM()
A = torch.randn(b, m, n)
B = torch.randn(b, n, p)
C = model:forward({A, B})  -- C will be of size `b x m x p`

model = nn.MM(true, false)
A = torch.randn(b, n, m)
B = torch.randn(b, n, p)
C = model:forward({A, B})  -- C will be of size `b x m x p`
```


<a name="nn.BatchNormalization"></a>
## BatchNormalization ##

```lua
module = nn.BatchNormalization(N [, eps] [, momentum] [,affine])
```
where `N` is the dimensionality of input
`eps` is a small value added to the standard-deviation to avoid divide-by-zero. Defaults to `1e-5`.
`affine` is a boolean. When set to false, the learnable affine transform is disabled. Defaults to true

During training, this layer keeps a running estimate of its computed mean and std.
The running sum is kept with a default momentum of 0.1 (unless over-ridden)
During evaluation, this running mean/std is used for normalization.

Implements Batch Normalization as described in [the paper](http://arxiv.org/pdf/1502.03167v3.pdf): "Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift" by Sergey Ioffe, Christian Szegedy.

The operation implemented is:

```lua
              x - mean(x)
y =  ----------------------------- * gamma + beta
      standard-deviation(x) + eps
```

where the mean and standard-deviation are calculated per-dimension over the mini-batches and where gamma and beta are learnable parameter vectors of size `N` (where `N` is the input size).
The learning of gamma and beta is optional.
The module only accepts 2D inputs.

```lua
-- with learnable parameters
model = nn.BatchNormalization(m)
A = torch.randn(b, m)
C = model:forward(A)  -- C will be of size `b x m`

-- without learnable parameters
model = nn.BatchNormalization(m, nil, nil, false)
A = torch.randn(b, m)
C = model:forward(A)  -- C will be of size `b x m`
```

<a name="nn.Padding"></a>
## Padding ##

```lua
module = nn.Padding(dim, pad [, nInputDim, value, index])
```

This module adds `pad` units of padding to dimension `dim` of the input.
If `pad` is negative, padding is added to the left, otherwise, it is added to the right of the dimension. When `nInputDim` is provided, inputs larger than that value will be considered batches where the actual `dim` to be padded will
be dimension `dim + 1`. When `value` is provide, the padding will be filled with that `value`. The default `value` is zero.
When `index` is provided, padding will be added at that offset from the left or right, depending on the sign of `pad`.

Example 1:

```lua
module = nn.Padding(1, 2, 1, -1) --pad right x2
module:forward(torch.randn(3)) --non-batch input
 0.2008
 0.4848
-1.0783
-1.0000
-1.0000
[torch.DoubleTensor of dimension 5]
```

Example 2:

```lua
module = nn.Padding(1, -2, 1, -1) --pad left x2
module:forward(torch.randn(2, 3)) --batch input
-1.0000 -1.0000  1.0203  0.2704 -1.6164
-1.0000 -1.0000 -0.2219 -0.6529 -1.9218
[torch.DoubleTensor of dimension 2x5]
```

Example 3:

```lua
module = nn.Padding(1, -2, 1, -1, 2) --pad left x2, offset to index 2
module:forward(torch.randn(2, 3)) --batch input
 1.0203 -1.0000 -1.0000  0.2704 -1.6164
-0.6529 -1.0000 -1.0000 -0.2219 -1.9218
[torch.DoubleTensor of dimension 2x5]
```

<a name="nn.L1Penalty"></a>
## L1Penalty ##

```lua
penalty = nn.L1Penalty(L1weight, sizeAverage)
```

L1Penalty is an inline module that in its forward propagation copies the input Tensor directly to the output, and computes an L1 loss of the latent state (input) and stores it in the module's `loss` field.
During backward propagation: `gradInput = gradOutput + gradLoss`.

This module can be used in autoencoder architectures to apply L1 losses to internal latent state without having to use Identity and parallel containers to carry the internal code to an output criterion.

Example (sparse autoencoder, note: decoder should be normalized):

```lua
encoder = nn.Sequential()
encoder:add(nn.Linear(3, 128))
encoder:add(nn.Threshold())
decoder = nn.Linear(128, 3)

autoencoder = nn.Sequential()
autoencoder:add(encoder)
autoencoder:add(nn.L1Penalty(l1weight))
autoencoder:add(decoder)

criterion = nn.MSECriterion()  -- To measure reconstruction error
-- ...
```

<a name="nn.GradientReversal"></a>
## GradientReversal ##

`module` = `nn.GradientReversal()`

This module preserves the input, but reverses the gradient. This can be used to maximise an objective function whilst using gradient descent, as in "Domain-Adversarial Training of Neural Networks" (http://arxiv.org/abs/1505.07818).
