// Copyright 2014 The Bazel Authors. All rights reserved.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package com.google.devtools.build.lib.collect.nestedset;

import com.google.common.base.Function;
import com.google.common.base.Joiner;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
import com.google.common.collect.Iterables;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.collect.CompactHashSet;

import java.util.AbstractCollection;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.Set;

import javax.annotation.Nullable;

/**
 * A list-like iterable that supports efficient nesting.
 *
 * @see NestedSetBuilder
 */
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public final class NestedSet<E> implements Iterable<E> {

  private final Order order;
  private final Object children;
  private byte[] memo;

  private static final byte[] LEAF_MEMO = {};
  private static final Object[] EMPTY_CHILDREN = {};

  /**
   * Construct an empty NestedSet.  Should only be called by Order's class initializer.
   */
  NestedSet(Order order) {
    this.order = order;
    this.children = EMPTY_CHILDREN;
    this.memo = LEAF_MEMO;
  }

  NestedSet(Order order, Set<E> direct, Set<NestedSet<E>> transitive) {
    this.order = order;

    // The iteration order of these collections is the order in which we add the items.
    Collection<E> directOrder = direct;
    Collection<NestedSet<E>> transitiveOrder = transitive;
    // True if we visit the direct members before the transitive members.
    boolean preorder;

    switch(order) {
      case LINK_ORDER:
        directOrder = ImmutableList.copyOf(direct).reverse();
        transitiveOrder = ImmutableList.copyOf(transitive).reverse();
        preorder = false;
        break;
      case STABLE_ORDER:
      case COMPILE_ORDER:
        preorder = false;
        break;
      case NAIVE_LINK_ORDER:
        preorder = true;
        break;
      default:
        throw new AssertionError(order);
    }

    // Remember children we extracted from one-element subsets.
    // Otherwise we can end up with two of the same child, which is a
    // problem for the fast path in toList().
    Set<E> alreadyInserted = ImmutableSet.of();
    // The candidate array of children.
    Object[] children = new Object[direct.size() + transitive.size()];
    int n = 0;  // current position in children
    boolean leaf = true;  // until we find otherwise

    for (int pass = 0; pass <= 1; ++pass) {
      if ((pass == 0) == preorder && !direct.isEmpty()) {
        for (E member : directOrder) {
          if (member instanceof Object[]) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("cannot store Object[] in NestedSet");
          }
          if (!alreadyInserted.contains(member)) {
            children[n++] = member;
          }
        }
        alreadyInserted = direct;
      } else if ((pass == 1) == preorder && !transitive.isEmpty()) {
        CompactHashSet<E> hoisted = CompactHashSet.create();
        for (NestedSet<E> subset : transitiveOrder) {
          Object c = subset.children;
          if (c instanceof Object[]) {
            Object[] a = (Object[]) c;
            if (a.length < 2) {
              throw new AssertionError(a.length);
            }
            children[n++] = a;
            leaf = false;
          } else {
            if (!alreadyInserted.contains((E) c) && hoisted.add((E) c)) {
              children[n++] = c;
            }
          }
        }
        alreadyInserted = hoisted;
      }
    }

    // If we ended up wrapping exactly one item or one other set, dereference it.
    if (n == 1) {
      this.children = children[0];
    } else if (n == 0) {
      this.children = EMPTY_CHILDREN;
    } else if (n < children.length) {
      this.children = Arrays.copyOf(children, n);
    } else {
      this.children = children;
    }
    if (leaf) {
      this.memo = LEAF_MEMO;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns the ordering of this nested set.
   */
  public Order getOrder() {
    return order;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the internal item or array.  For use by NestedSetVisitor.
   */
  Object rawChildren() {
    return children;
  }

  /**
   * Returns true if the set is empty. Runs in O(1) time (i.e. does not flatten the set).
   */
  public boolean isEmpty() {
    return children == EMPTY_CHILDREN;
  }

  /**
   * Returns true if the set has exactly one element.
   */
  private boolean isSingleton() {
    return !(children instanceof Object[]);
  }

  /**
   * Returns a collection of all unique elements of this set (including subsets)
   * in an implementation-specified order as a {@code Collection}.
   *
   * <p>If you do not need a Collection and an Iterable is enough, use the
   * nested set itself as an Iterable.
   */
  public Collection<E> toCollection() {
    return toList();
  }

  /**
   * Returns a collection of all unique elements of this set (including subsets)
   * in an implementation-specified order as a {code List}.
   *
   * <p>Use {@link #toCollection} when possible for better efficiency.
   */
  public List<E> toList() {
    if (isSingleton()) {
      return ImmutableList.of((E) children);
    }
    if (isEmpty()) {
      return ImmutableList.of();
    }
    return order == Order.LINK_ORDER ? expand().reverse() : expand();
  }

  /**
   * Returns a collection of all unique elements of this set (including subsets)
   * in an implementation-specified order as a {@code Set}.
   *
   * <p>Use {@link #toCollection} when possible for better efficiency.
   */
  public Set<E> toSet() {
    return ImmutableSet.copyOf(toList());
  }

  /**
   * Returns true if this set is equal to {@code other} based on the top-level
   * elements and object identity (==) of direct subsets.  As such, this function
   * can fail to equate {@code this} with another {@code NestedSet} that holds
   * the same elements.  It will never fail to detect that two {@code NestedSet}s
   * are different, however.
   *
   * @param other the {@code NestedSet} to compare against.
   */
  public boolean shallowEquals(@Nullable NestedSet<? extends E> other) {
    if (this == other) {
      return true;
    }
    return other != null
        && order == other.order
        && (children.equals(other.children)
            || (!isSingleton() && !other.isSingleton()
                && Arrays.equals((Object[]) children, (Object[]) other.children)));
  }

  /**
   * Returns a hash code that produces a notion of identity that is consistent with
   * {@link #shallowEquals}. In other words, if two {@code NestedSet}s are equal according
   * to {@code #shallowEquals}, then they return the same {@code shallowHashCode}.
   *
   * <p>The main reason for having these separate functions instead of reusing
   * the standard equals/hashCode is to minimize accidental use, since they are
   * different from both standard Java objects and collection-like objects.
   */
  public int shallowHashCode() {
    if (isSingleton()) {
      return Objects.hash(order, children);
    } else {
      return Objects.hash(order, Arrays.hashCode((Object[]) children));
    }
  }

  @Override
  public String toString() {
    return isSingleton() ? "{" + children + "}" : childrenToString(children);
  }

  // TODO:  this leaves LINK_ORDER backwards
  private static String childrenToString(Object children) {
    if (children instanceof Object[]) {
      return "{" + Joiner.on(", ").join(Iterables.transform(
          Arrays.asList((Object[]) children), Stringer.INSTANCE)) + "}";
    } else {
      return children.toString();
    }
  }

  private static enum Stringer implements Function<Object, String> {
    INSTANCE;
    @Override public String apply(Object o) {
      return childrenToString(o);
    }
  };

  @Override
  public Iterator<E> iterator() {
    // TODO: would it help to have a proper lazy iterator?  seems like it might reduce garbage.
    return toCollection().iterator();
  }

  /**
   * Implementation of {@link #toList}.  Uses one of three strategies based on the value of
   * {@code this.memo}: wrap our direct items in a list, call {@link #lockedExpand} to perform
   * the initial {@link #walk}, or call {@link #replay} if we have a nontrivial memo.
   */
  private ImmutableList<E> expand() {
    // This value is only set in the constructor, so safe to test here with no lock.
    if (memo == LEAF_MEMO) {
      return ImmutableList.<E>copyOf(new ArraySharingCollection<E>((Object[]) children));
    }
    CompactHashSet<E> members = lockedExpand();
    if (members != null) {
      return ImmutableList.copyOf(members);
    }
    Object[] children = (Object[]) this.children;
    // TODO:  We could record the exact size (inside memo, or by making order an int with two bits
    // for Order.ordinal()) and avoid an array copy here.  It's not directly visible in profiles but
    // it would reduce garbage generated.
    ImmutableList.Builder<E> output = ImmutableList.builder();
    replay(output, children, memo, 0);
    return output.build();
  }

  // Hack to share our internal array with ImmutableList/ImmutableSet, or avoid
  // a copy in cases where we can preallocate an array of the correct size.
  private static final class ArraySharingCollection<E> extends AbstractCollection<E> {
    private final Object[] array;
    ArraySharingCollection(Object[] array) {
      this.array = array;
    }
    @Override public Object[] toArray() {
      return array;
    }
    @Override public int size() {
      return array.length;
    }
    @Override public Iterator<E> iterator() {
      throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }
  }

  /**
   * If this is the first call for this object, fills {@code this.memo} and returns a set from
   * {@link #walk}.  Otherwise returns null; the caller should use {@link #replay} instead.
   */
  private synchronized CompactHashSet<E> lockedExpand() {
    if (memo != null) {
      return null;
    }
    Object[] children = (Object[]) this.children;
    CompactHashSet<E> members = CompactHashSet.createWithExpectedSize(128);
    CompactHashSet<Object> sets = CompactHashSet.createWithExpectedSize(128);
    sets.add(children);
    memo = new byte[Math.min((children.length + 7) / 8, 8)];
    int pos = walk(sets, members, children, 0);
    int bytes = (pos + 7) / 8;
    if (bytes <= memo.length - 16) {
      memo = Arrays.copyOf(memo, bytes);
    }
    return members;
  }

  /**
   * Perform a depth-first traversal of {@code children}, tracking visited
   * arrays in {@code sets} and visited leaves in {@code members}.  We also
   * record which edges were taken in {@code this.memo} starting at {@code pos}.
   *
   * Returns the final value of {@code pos}.
   */
  private int walk(CompactHashSet<Object> sets, CompactHashSet<E> members,
                   Object[] children, int pos) {
    int n = children.length;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
      if ((pos>>3) >= memo.length) {
        memo = Arrays.copyOf(memo, memo.length * 2);
      }
      Object c = children[i];
      if (c instanceof Object[]) {
        if (sets.add(c)) {
          int prepos = pos;
          int presize = members.size();
          pos = walk(sets, members, (Object[]) c, pos + 1);
          if (presize < members.size()) {
            memo[prepos>>3] |= 1<<(prepos&7);
          } else {
            // We didn't find any new nodes, so don't mark this branch as taken.
            // Rewind pos.  The rest of the array is still zeros because no one
            // deeper in the traversal set any bits.
            pos = prepos + 1;
          }
        } else {
          ++pos;
        }
      } else {
        if (members.add((E) c)) {
          memo[pos>>3] |= 1<<(pos&7);
        }
        ++pos;
      }
    }
    return pos;
  }

  /**
   * Repeat a previous traversal of {@code children} performed by {@link #walk}
   * and recorded in {@code memo}, appending leaves to {@code output}.
   */
  private static <E> int replay(ImmutableList.Builder<E> output, Object[] children,
                                byte[] memo, int pos) {
    int n = children.length;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
      Object c = children[i];
      if ((memo[pos>>3] & (1<<(pos&7))) != 0) {
        if (c instanceof Object[]) {
          pos = replay(output, (Object[]) c, memo, pos + 1);
        } else {
          output.add((E) c);
          ++pos;
        }
      } else {
        ++pos;
      }
    }
    return pos;
  }
}
