--- layout: documentation title: Concepts and Terminology ---

# Concepts and Terminology

This document provides an overview of the source tree layout and the terminology used in Bazel.

## Table of Contents

- Introduction
- Workspace, Packages and Targets
  - Workspace
  - Packages
  - Targets
  - Labels
  - Lexical Specifications of a Label
  - Rules
- BUILD Files
  - The Core Build Language
  - Declaring Build Rules
- Types of Build Rules
- Dependencies
  - Actual and Declared Dependencies
  - Types of Dependencies
  - Using Labels to Reference Directories

## Introduction

Bazel builds software from source code organized in a directory called a workspace. Source files in the workspace are organized in a nested hierarchy of packages, where each package is a directory that contains a set of related source files and one BUILD file. The BUILD file specifies what software outputs can be built from the source.

## Workspace, Packages and Targets

### Workspace

A workspace is a directory on your filesystem that contains the source files for the software you want to build, as well as symbolic links to directories that contain the build outputs. Each workspace directory has a text file named `WORKSPACE` which may be empty, or may contain references to external dependencies required to build the outputs. See also the Workspace Rules section in the Build Encyclopedia.

### Packages

The primary unit of code organization in a workspace is the package. A package is collection of related files and a specification of the dependencies among them.

A package is defined as a directory containing a file named `BUILD`, residing beneath the top-level directory in the workspace. A package includes all files in its directory, plus all subdirectories beneath it, except those which themselves contain a BUILD file.

For example, in the following directory tree there are two packages, `my/app`, and the subpackage `my/app/tests`. Note that `my/app/data` is not a package, but a directory belonging to package `my/app`.

    src/my/app/BUILD
    src/my/app/app.cc
    src/my/app/data/input.txt
    src/my/app/tests/BUILD
    src/my/app/tests/test.cc

### Targets

A package is a container. The elements of a package are called targets. Most targets are one of two principal kinds, files and rules. Additionally, there is another kind of target, package groups, but they are far less numerous.

Files are further divided into two kinds. Source files are usually written by the efforts of people, and checked in to the repository. Generated files, sometimes called derived files, are not checked in, but are generated by the build tool from source files according to specific rules.

The second kind of target is the rule. A rule specifies the relationship between a set of input and a set of output files, including the necessary steps to derive the outputs from the inputs. The outputs of a rule are always generated files. The inputs to a rule may be source files, but they may be generated files also; consequently, outputs of one rule may be the inputs to another, allowing long chains of rules to be constructed.

Whether the input to a rule is a source file or a generated file is in most cases immaterial; what matters is only the contents of that file. This fact makes it easy to replace a complex source file with a generated file produced by a rule, such as happens when the burden of manually maintaining a highly structured file becomes too tiresome, and someone writes a program to derive it. No change is required to the consumers of that file. Conversely, a generated file may easily be replaced by a source file with only local changes.

The inputs to a rule may also include other rules. The precise meaning of such relationships is often quite complex and language- or rule-dependent, but intuitively it is simple: a C++ library rule A might have another C++ library rule B for an input. The effect of this dependency is that the B's header files are available to A during compilation, B's symbols are available to A during linking, and B's runtime data is available to A during execution.

An invariant of all rules is that the files generated by a rule always belong to the same package as the rule itself; it is not possible to generate files into another package. It is not uncommon for a rule's inputs to come from another package, though.

Package groups are sets of packages whose purpose is to limit accessibility of certain rules. Package groups are defined by the `package_group` function. They have two properties: the list of packages they contain and their name. The only allowed ways to refer to them are from the `visibility` attribute of rules or from the `default_visibility` attribute of the `package` function; they do not generate or consume files. For more information, refer to the appropriate section of the Build Encyclopedia.

### Labels

All targets belong to exactly one package. The name of a target is called its label, and a typical label in canonical form looks like this:

    //my/app/main:app_binary

Each label has two parts, a package name (`my/app/main`) and a target name (`app_binary`). Every label uniquely identifies a target. Labels sometimes appear in other forms; when the colon is omitted, the target name is assumed to be the same as the last component of the package name, so these two labels are equivalent:

    //my/app
    //my/app:app

Short-form labels such as `//my/app` are not to be confused with package names. Labels start with `//`, but package names never do, thus `my/app` is the package containing `//my/app`. (A common misconception is that `//my/app` refers to a package, or to all the targets in a package; neither is true.)

Within a BUILD file, the package-name part of label may be omitted, and optionally the colon too. So within the BUILD file for package `my/app` (i.e. `//my/app:BUILD`), the following "relative" labels are all equivalent:

    //my/app:app
    //my/app
    :app
    app

(It is a matter of convention that the colon is omitted for files, but retained for rules, but it is not otherwise significant.)

Similarly, within a BUILD file, files belonging to the package may be referenced by their unadorned name relative to the package directory:

    generate.cc
    testdata/input.txt

But from other packages, or from the command-line, these file targets must always be referred to by their complete label, e.g. `//my/app:generate.cc`.

Relative labels cannot be used to refer to targets in other packages; the complete package name must always be specified in this case. For example, if the source tree contains both the package `my/app` and the package `my/app/testdata` (i.e., each of these two packages has its own BUILD file). The latter package contains a file named `testdepot.zip`. Here are two ways (one wrong, one correct) to refer to this file within `//my/app:BUILD`:

    testdata/testdepot.zip  # Wrong: testdata is a different package.
    //my/app/testdata:testdepot.zip   # Right.

If, by mistake, you refer to `testdepot.zip` by the wrong label, such as `//my/app:testdata/testdepot.zip` or `//my:app/testdata/testdepot.zip`, you will get an error from the build tool saying that the label "crosses a package boundary". You should correct the label by putting the colon after the directory containing the innermost enclosing BUILD file, i.e., `//my/app/testdata:testdepot.zip`.

### Lexical specification of a label

The syntax of labels is intentionally strict, so as to forbid metacharacters that have special meaning to the shell. This helps to avoid inadvertent quoting problems, and makes it easier to construct tools and scripts that manipulate labels, such as the Bazel Query Language. All of the following are forbidden in labels: any sort of white space, braces, brackets, or parentheses; wildcards such as `*`; shell metacharacters such as `>`, `&` and `|`; etc. This list is not comprehensive; the precise details are below.

#### Target names, `//...:target-name`

`target-name` is the name of the target within the package. The name of a rule is the value of the `name` parameter in the rule's declaration in a BUILD file; the name of a file is its pathname relative to the directory containing the BUILD file. Target names must be composed entirely of characters drawn from the set `a`–`z`, `A`–`Z`, `0`–`9`, and the punctuation symbols `_/.+-=,@~`. Do not use `..` to refer to files in other packages; use `//packagename:filename` instead. Filenames must be relative pathnames in normal form, which means they must neither start nor end with a slash (e.g. `/foo` and `foo/` are forbidden) nor contain multiple consecutive slashes as path separators (e.g. `foo//bar`). Similarly, up-level references (`..`) and current-directory references (`./`) are forbidden. The sole exception to this rule is that a target name may consist of exactly '`.`'.

While it is common to use `/` in the name of a file target, we recommend that you avoid the use of `/` in the names of rules. Especially when the shorthand form of a label is used, it may confuse the reader. The label `//foo/bar/wiz` is always a shorthand for `//foo/bar/wiz:wiz`, even if there is no such package `foo/bar/wiz`; it never refers to `//foo:bar/wiz`, even if that target exists.

However, there are some situations where use of a slash is convenient, or sometimes even necessary. For example, the name of certain rules must match their principal source file, which may reside in a subdirectory of the package.

#### Package names, `//package-name:...`

The name of a package is the name of the directory containing its BUILD file, relative to the top-level directory of the source tree. For example: `my/app`. Package names must be composed entirely of characters drawn from the set `A`-`Z`, `a`–`z`, `0`–`9`, '`/`', '`-`', '`.`', and '`_`', and cannot start with a slash.

For a language with a directory structure that is significant to its module system (e.g. Java), it is important to choose directory names that are valid identifiers in the language.

Although Bazel allows a package at the build root (e.g. `//:foo`), this is not advised and projects should attempt to use more descriptively named packages.

Package names may not contain the substring `//`, nor end with a slash.

### Rules

A rule specifies the relationship between inputs and outputs, and the steps to build the outputs. Rules can be of one of many different kinds or classes, which produce compiled executables and libraries, test executables and other supported outputs as described in the Build Encyclopedia.

Every rule has a name, specified by the `name` attribute, of type string. The name must be a syntactically valid target name, as specified above. In some cases, the name is somewhat arbitrary, and more interesting are the names of the files generated by the rule; this is true of genrules. In other cases, the name is significant: for `*_binary` and `*_test` rules, for example, the rule name determines the name of the executable produced by the build.

Every rule has a set of attributes; the applicable attributes for a given rule, and the significance and semantics of each attribute are a function of the rule's class; see the Build Encyclopedia for the full list of supported rules and their corresponding attributes. Each attribute has a name and a type. The full set of types that an attribute can have is: integer, label, list of labels, string, list of strings, output label, list of output labels. Not all attributes need to be specified in every rule. Attributes thus form a dictionary from keys (names) to optional, typed values.

The `srcs` attribute present in many rules has type "list of label"; its value, if present, is a list of labels, each being the name of a target that is an input to this rule.

The `outs` attribute present in many rules has type "list of output labels"; this is similar to the type of the `srcs` attribute, but differs in two significant ways. Firstly, due to the invariant that the outputs of a rule belong to the same package as the rule itself, output labels cannot include a package component; they must be in one of the "relative" forms shown above. Secondly, the relationship implied by an (ordinary) label attribute is inverse to that implied by an output label: a rule depends on its `srcs`, whereas a rule is depended on by its `outs`. The two types of label attributes thus assign direction to the edges between targets, giving rise to a dependency graph.

This directed acyclic graph over targets is called the "target graph" or "build dependency graph", and is the domain over which the Bazel Query tool operates.

## BUILD Files

The previous section described packages, targets and labels, and the build dependency graph abstractly. In this section, we'll look at the concrete syntax used to define a package.

By definition, every package contains a BUILD file, which is a short program written in the Build Language. Most BUILD files appear to be little more than a series of declarations of build rules; indeed, the declarative style is strongly encouraged when writing BUILD files.

However, the build language is in fact an imperative language, and BUILD files are interpreted as a sequential list of statements. Build rule functions, such as `cc_library`, are procedures whose side-effect is to create an abstract build rule inside the build tool.

The concrete syntax of BUILD files is a subset of Python. Originally, the syntax was that of Python, but experience showed that users rarely used more than a tiny subset of Python's features, and when they did, it often resulted in complex and fragile BUILD files. In many cases, the use of such features was unnecessary, and the same result could be achieved by using an external program, e.g. via a `genrule` build rule.

Crucially, programs in the build language are unable to perform arbitrary I/O (though many users try!). This invariant makes the interpretation of BUILD files hermetic, i.e. dependent only on a known set of inputs, which is essential for ensuring that builds are reproducible.

### The Core Build Language

Lexemes: the lexical syntax of the core language is a strict subset of Python 2.6, and we refer the reader to the Python specification for details. Lexical features of Python that are not supported include: floating-point literals, hexadecimal and Unicode escapes within string literals.

BUILD files should be written using only ASCII characters, although technically they are interpreted using the Latin-1 character set. The use of `coding:` declarations is forbidden.

Grammar: the grammar of the core language is shown below, using EBNF notation. Ambiguity is resolved using precedence, which is defined as for Python.

    file_input ::= (simple_stmt? '\n')*

    simple_stmt ::= small_stmt (';' small_stmt)* ';'?

    small_stmt ::= expr
                 | assign_stmt

    assign_stmt ::= IDENTIFIER assign_op expr

    assign_op ::= '=' | '+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '/=' | '%='

    expr ::= INTEGER
           | STRING+
           | IDENTIFIER
           | expr '(' arg_list? ')'
           | expr '.' IDENTIFIER
           | '[' expr_list? ']'
           | '[' expr ('for' IDENTIFIER 'in' expr | 'if' expr)+ ']'
           | '(' expr_list? ')'
           | '{' dict_entry_list? '}'
           | '{' dict_entry ('for' IDENTIFIER 'in' expr | 'if' expr)+ '}'
           | expr bin_op expr
           | '-' expr
           | 'not' expr
           | expr '[' expr? ':' expr? ':' expr? ']'
           | expr '[' expr? ':' expr? ']'
           | expr '[' expr ']'

    bin_op ::= '+' | '-' | '*' | '/' | '//' | '%' | '|'
             | 'and' | 'or' | '==' | '!=' | '<' | '<=' | '>' | '>=' | 'in' | 'not' 'in'

    expr_list ::= (expr ',')* expr ','?

    dict_entry_list ::= (dict_entry ',')* dict_entry ','?

    dict_entry ::= expr ':' expr

    arg_list ::= (arg ',')* arg ','?

    arg ::= IDENTIFIER '=' expr
          | expr

For each expression of the core language, the semantics are identical to the corresponding Python semantics, except in the following cases:

- certain overloads of the binary `%` operator are not supported. Only the `int % int` and `str % tuple` forms are supported. Only the `%s` and `%d` format specifiers may be used; `%(var)s` is illegal.

Many Python features are missing: control-flow constructs (loops, conditionals, exceptions), basic datatypes (floating-point numbers, big integers), `import` and the module system, support for definition of classes, some Python's built-in functions. Function definitions and `for` statements are allowed only in extension files (`.bzl`). Available functions are documented in the library section.

### Declaring build rules

The build language is an imperative language, so in general, order does matter: variables must be defined before they are used, for example. However, most BUILD files consist only of declarations of build rules, and the relative order of these statements is immaterial; all that matters is which rules were declared, and with what values, by the time package evaluation completes. So, in simple BUILD files, rule declarations can be re-ordered freely without changing the behavior.

BUILD file authors are encouraged to use comments liberally to document the role of each build target, whether it is intended for public use, and anything else that would help users and future maintainers, including a `# Description:` comment at the top, explaining the role of the package.

The Python comment syntax of `#...` is supported. Triple-quoted string literals may span multiple lines, and can be used for multi-line comments.

## Types of build rule

The majority of build rules come in families, grouped together by language. For example, `cc_binary`, `cc_library` and `cc_test` are the build rules for C++ binaries, libraries, and tests, respectively. Other languages use the same naming scheme, with a different prefix, e.g. `java_*` for Java. These functions are all documented in the Build Encyclopedia.

- `*_binary` rules build executable programs in a given language. After a build, the executable will reside in the build tool's binary output tree at the corresponding name for the rule's label, so `//my:program` would appear at (e.g.) `$(BINDIR)/my/program`.

  Such rules also create a runfiles directory containing all the files mentioned in a `data` attribute belonging to the rule, or any rule in its transitive closure of dependencies; this set of files is gathered together in one place for ease of deployment to production.

- `*_test` rules are a specialization of a `*_binary` rule, used for automated testing. Tests are simply programs that return zero on success.

  Like binaries, tests also have runfiles trees, and the files beneath it are the only files that a test may legitimately open at runtime. For example, a program `cc_test(name='x', data=['//foo:bar'])` may open and read `$TEST_SRCDIR/workspace/foo/bar` during execution. (Each programming language has its own utility function for accessing the value of `$TEST_SRCDIR`, but they are all equivalent to using the environment variable directly.) Failure to observe the rule will cause the test to fail when it is executed on a remote testing host.

- `*_library` rules specify separately-compiled modules in the given programming language. Libraries can depend on other libraries, and binaries and tests can depend on libraries, with the expected separate-compilation behavior.

## Dependencies

A target `A` depends upon a target `B` if `B` is needed by `A` at build or execution time. The depends upon relation induces a directed acyclic graph (DAG) over targets, and we call this a dependency graph. A target's direct dependencies are those other targets reachable by a path of length 1 in the dependency graph. A target's transitive dependencies are those targets upon which it depends via a path of any length through the graph.

In fact, in the context of builds, there are two dependency graphs, the graph of actual dependencies and the graph of declared dependencies. Most of the time, the two graphs are so similar that this distinction need not be made, but it is useful for the discussion below.

### Actual and declared dependencies

A target `X` is actually dependent on target `Y` iff `Y` must be present, built and up-to-date in order for `X` to be built correctly. "Built" could mean generated, processed, compiled, linked, archived, compressed, executed, or any of the other kinds of tasks that routinely occur during a build.

A target `X` has a declared dependency on target `Y` iff there is a dependency edge from `X` to `Y` in the package of `X`.

For correct builds, the graph of actual dependencies A must be a subgraph of the graph of declared dependencies D. That is, every pair of directly-connected nodes `x --> y` in A must also be directly connected in D. We say D is an overapproximation of A.

It is important that it not be too much of an overapproximation, though, since redundant declared dependencies can make builds slower and binaries larger.

What this means for BUILD file writers is that every rule must explicitly declare all of its actual direct dependencies to the build system, and no more. Failure to observe this principle causes undefined behavior: the build may fail, but worse, the build may depend on some prior operations, or upon which transitive declared dependencies the target happens to have. The build tool attempts aggressively to check for missing dependencies and report errors, but it is not possible for this checking to be complete in all cases.

You need not (and should not) attempt to list everything indirectly imported, even if it is "needed" by A at execution time.

During a build of target `X`, the build tool inspects the entire transitive closure of dependencies of `X` to ensure that any changes in those targets are reflected in the final result, rebuilding intermediates as needed.

The transitive nature of dependencies leads to a common mistake. Through careless programming, code in one file may use code provided by an indirect dependency, i.e. a transitive but not direct edge in the declared dependency graph. Indirect dependencies do not appear in the BUILD file. Since the rule doesn't directly depend on the provider, there is no way to track changes, as shown in the following example timeline:

1. At first, everything works

The code in package `a` uses code in package `b`. The code in package `b` uses code in package `c`, and thus `a` transitively depends on `c`.

`a/BUILD`

    rule(
        name = "a",
        srcs = "a.in",
        deps = "//b:b",
    )

`a/a.in`

    import b;
    b.foo();

`b/BUILD`

    rule(
        name = "b",
        srcs = "b.in",
        deps = "//c:c",
    )

`b/b.in`

    import c;
    function foo() {
      c.bar();
    }

    Declared dependency graph:  a --> b --> c

    Actual dependency graph:    a --> b --> c

The declared dependencies overapproximate the actual dependencies. All is well.

2. A latent hazard is introduced.

Someone carelessly adds code to `a` that creates a direct actual dependency on `c`, but forgets to declare it.

`a/a.in`

    import b;
    import c;
    b.foo();
    c.garply();

    Declared dependency graph:  a --> b --> c

    Actual dependency graph:    a --> b -->_c
                                 \_________/|

The declared dependencies no longer overapproximate the actual dependencies. This may build ok, because the transitive closures of the two graphs are equal, but masks a problem: `a` has an actual but undeclared dependency on `c`.

3. The hazard is revealed

Someone refactors `b` so that it no longer depends on `c`, inadvertently breaking `a` through no fault of their own.

`b/BUILD`

    rule(
        name = "b",
        srcs = "b.in",
        deps = "//d:d",
    )

`b/b.in`

    import d;
    function foo() {
      d.baz();
    }

    Declared dependency graph:  a --> b     c

    Actual dependency graph:    a --> b    _c
                                 \_________/|

The declared dependency graph is now an underapproximation of the actual dependencies, even when transitively closed; the build is likely to fail. The problem could have been averted by ensuring that the actual dependency from `a` to `c` introduced in Step 2 was properly declared in the BUILD file.

### Types of dependencies

Most build rules have three attributes for specifying different kinds of generic dependencies: `srcs`, `deps` and `data`. These are explained below. See also Attributes common to all rules in the Build Encyclopedia.

Many rules also have additional attributes for rule-specific kinds of dependency, e.g. `compiler`, `resources`, etc. These are detailed in the Build Encyclopedia.

#### `srcs` dependencies

Files consumed directly by the rule or rules that output source files.

#### `deps` dependencies

Rule pointing to separately-compiled modules providing header files, symbols, libraries, data, etc.

#### `data` dependencies

A build target might need some data files to run correctly. These data files aren't source code: they don't affect how the target is built. For example, a unit test might compare a function's output to the contents of a file. When we build the unit test, we don't need the file; but we do need it when we run the test. The same applies to tools that are launched during execution.

The build system runs tests in an isolated directory where only files listed as "data" are available. Thus, if a binary/library/test needs some files to run, specify them (or a build rule containing them) in data. For example:

    # I need a config file from a directory named env:
    java_binary(
        name = "setenv",
        ...
        data = [":env/default_env.txt"],
    )

    # I need test data from another directory
    sh_test(
        name = "regtest",
        srcs = ["regtest.sh"],
        data = [
            "//data:file1.txt",
            "//data:file2.txt",
            ...
        ],
    )

These files are available using the relative path `path/to/data/file`. In tests, it is also possible to refer to them by joining the paths of the test's source directory and the workspace-relative path, e.g. `${TEST_SRCDIR}/workspace/path/to/data/file`.

### Using Labels to Reference Directories

As you look over our `BUILD` files, you might notice that some `data` labels refer to directories. These labels end with `/.` or `/` like so:

    data = ["//data/regression:unittest/."]  # don't use this

or like so:

    data = ["testdata/."]  # don't use this

or like so:

    data = ["testdata/"]  # don't use this

This seems convenient, particularly for tests (since it allows a test to use all the data files in the directory).

But try not to do this. In order to ensure correct incremental rebuilds (and re-execution of tests) after a change, the build system must be aware of the complete set of files that are inputs to the build (or test). When you specify a directory, the build system will perform a rebuild only when the directory itself changes (due to addition or deletion of files), but won't be able to detect edits to individual files as those changes do not affect the enclosing directory. Rather than specifying directories as inputs to the build system, you should enumerate the set of files contained within them, either explicitly or using the `glob()` function. (Use `**` to force the `glob()` to be recursive.)

    data = glob(["testdata/**"])  # use this instead

Unfortunately, there are some scenarios where directory labels must be used. For example, if the `testdata` directory contains files whose names do not conform to the strict label syntax (e.g. they contain certain punctuation symbols), then explicit enumeration of files, or use of the `glob()` function will produce an invalid labels error. You must use directory labels in this case, but beware of the concomitant risk of incorrect rebuilds described above.

If you must use directory labels, keep in mind that you can't refer to the parent package with a relative "`../`" path; instead, use an absolute path like "`//data/regression:unittest/.`".

Note that directory labels are only valid for data dependencies. If you try to use a directory as a label in an argument other than `data`, it will fail and you will get a (probably cryptic) error message.